An Overview of Retail Inventory Accounting Methods

Retail Business Review | Monday, May 13, 2024

Companies following generally accepted accounting principles in the US can use either FIFO or LIFO.

FREMONT, CA: Retailers can employ various accounting methods for inventory to assign a value to their inventory. The chosen accounting method directly impacts the revenue reported on financial statements and consequently affects tax liabilities. While companies can select their approach, they are expected to remain consistent with their chosen method each year. Specific Identification tracks individual items from purchase to sale throughout their lifespan. Specific Identification is often used for high-value items like furniture or vehicles, where the value can change over time based on manufacture date, model, and specifications. 

FIFO (First-In, First-Out):

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FIFO is the most commonly used inventory accounting method among retailers. It assumes that the first items purchased by the retailer are also the first ones sold. The oldest cost "layer" is assigned to the cost of goods sold (COGS). The first-in goods cost less than items purchased later due to inflation and rising inventory costs. Using FIFO results in lower COGS and higher gross income than other valuation methods, leading to a higher tax bill. FIFO is recommended for retailers dealing with perishable products, items prone to obsolescence, or seasonal appeal. 

LIFO (Last-In, First-Out):

The LIFO inventory accounting method assumes that the newest items purchased are the first ones sold. The most recent cost layer is assigned to revenue and COGS. LIFO aligns current payments more closely with current expenses. The method is advantageous when COGS is highest during inflationary periods, as it reduces a company's gross profit and tax liability. LIFO is recommended for businesses selling non-perishable products or items not at risk of obsolescence. 

Weighted Average Cost (WAC):

The WAC inventory method assigns an equal value to all units of a specific item in inventory by applying an average cost; regardless of when the goods were purchased or their prices, retailers can assign the exact cost to all goods sold. The WAC method is suitable for direct-to-consumer brands with a high volume of inventory consisting of items with similar prices, such as electronics.

Retail Inventory:

The method estimates a store's merchandise value and should not be solely relied upon in financial statements. The ending inventory balance is determined by comparing the total cost to the price of all merchandise. It provides the most accurate valuation of inventory cost.

 

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